A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events and feelings. Nouns can be a subject or an object of a verb, can be modified by an adjective and can take an article or determiner.
Nouns may be divided into two basic groups:
Countable Noun is a noun that has both a singular and a plural form. The plural is normally made by the addition of '-s'.
eg: A horse Two horses
eg: A horse Two horses
Uncountable Noun has no plural.
eg: milk; water; wood and air These nouns usually have no plural forms.
Uncountable Nouns are sometimes called mass nouns.
eg: Freedom; happiness; idea; music are all abstract nouns that have no physical existence.
An abstract noun can be either a countable noun or uncountable noun. Abstract nouns that refer to events are almost usually countable: a noise; a meeting.
An Adjective can sometimes function as a Noun; the young, the rich, etc. These are Adjectival Nouns, meaning the people who are young, the people who are rich, etc.
eg: milk; water; wood and air These nouns usually have no plural forms.
Uncountable Nouns are sometimes called mass nouns.
Proper nouns are the names of individual people, places, titles, calendar times, etc.. eg: Janet; Simon; London; The President; Tuesday.
Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter. Nouns which are not written with a capital letter do not refer to the name of an individual person or thing and are called common nouns.
An abstract noun refers to states, events, concepts, feelings, qualities, etc., that have no physical existence. Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter. Nouns which are not written with a capital letter do not refer to the name of an individual person or thing and are called common nouns.
eg: Freedom; happiness; idea; music are all abstract nouns that have no physical existence.
An abstract noun can be either a countable noun or uncountable noun. Abstract nouns that refer to events are almost usually countable: a noise; a meeting.
An Adjective can sometimes function as a Noun; the young, the rich, etc. These are Adjectival Nouns, meaning the people who are young, the people who are rich, etc.
We can use a noun as an adjective when it precedes a noun that it modifies; a mountain bike is a bike designed for riding up mountains. 'Mountain' functions as an adjective modifying the noun 'bike'. The second noun takes the plural form, while the first behaves like an adjective and consequently does not, unless the word is normally used in the plural (sports hall) or refers to people (women footballers).
We use these for well-known things, some can be hyphenated and some are written as one word.
An Adjective can sometimes function as a Noun; the young, the rich, etc. These are Adjectival Nouns, meaning the people who are young, the people who are rich, etc.
A pronoun is a word that substitutes a noun or noun phrase. There are a number of different kinds of pronouns in English.
TYPES OF PRONOUN:
1 Demonstrative Pronoun - this, that, these, those
2 Personal Pronoun - I, you, he, she, etc..
3 Possessive Pronoun - mine, yours, his, etc..
4 Reflexive Pronoun - myself, yourself, etc..
5 Interrogative Pronoun - who, what, where, etc..
6 Negative Pronoun - nothing, no, nobody, etc..
7 Reciprocal pronoun - each other, etc..
8 Relative Clause - who, whose, which, that, etc..
9 Quantifier - some, any, something, much, many, little, etc.
We use these for well-known things, some can be hyphenated and some are written as one word.
A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals or objects as a group; family, company, etc.. When a collective noun is used in the singular, the verb can be either Singular or Plural.
The company has decided to open ten new outlets.
The company have decided to open ten new outlets.
NB The police are here. ('police' has no singular form)
If a singular verb is used then the noun is seen as a single entity. If a plural verb is used, then the noun is seen as consisting of a group of individuals.
A noun which refers to people, animals and living beings is an animate noun. Inanimate nouns refer to things that are not alive.
A Substantive is a term covering all words that can function like a noun. Substantives include nouns, gerunds, adjectival nouns and pronouns.
A Gerund is a verb when it acts as a noun; gerunds can act as the subject or object of a main verb.
EG: Studying is good for you.
Gerunds are used after prepositions, but not usually after 'to'. The gerund looks identical to the present participle, which is used after the auxiliary verb 'to be', but are not the same as they do not function as main verbs. Gerunds are used after certain words and expressions, as is the infinitive, so it is useful to try to learn which form an adjective, etc., takes.
If a verb ends with -e, it loses the last letter before adding the -ing suffix.
The company has decided to open ten new outlets.
The company have decided to open ten new outlets.
NB The police are here. ('police' has no singular form)
If a singular verb is used then the noun is seen as a single entity. If a plural verb is used, then the noun is seen as consisting of a group of individuals.
A noun which refers to people, animals and living beings is an animate noun. Inanimate nouns refer to things that are not alive.
A Substantive is a term covering all words that can function like a noun. Substantives include nouns, gerunds, adjectival nouns and pronouns.
A Gerund is a verb when it acts as a noun; gerunds can act as the subject or object of a main verb.
EG: Studying is good for you.
Gerunds are used after prepositions, but not usually after 'to'. The gerund looks identical to the present participle, which is used after the auxiliary verb 'to be', but are not the same as they do not function as main verbs. Gerunds are used after certain words and expressions, as is the infinitive, so it is useful to try to learn which form an adjective, etc., takes.
Formation:
Base Form + INGIf a verb ends with -e, it loses the last letter before adding the -ing suffix.
An Adjective can sometimes function as a Noun; the young, the rich, etc. These are Adjectival Nouns, meaning the people who are young, the people who are rich, etc.
TYPES OF PRONOUN:
1 Demonstrative Pronoun - this, that, these, those
2 Personal Pronoun - I, you, he, she, etc..
3 Possessive Pronoun - mine, yours, his, etc..
4 Reflexive Pronoun - myself, yourself, etc..
5 Interrogative Pronoun - who, what, where, etc..
6 Negative Pronoun - nothing, no, nobody, etc..
7 Reciprocal pronoun - each other, etc..
8 Relative Clause - who, whose, which, that, etc..
9 Quantifier - some, any, something, much, many, little, etc.
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